MONTEVIDEO CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF STATES
Signed at Montevideo, 26 December 1933
Entered into Force, 26 December 1934
Article 8 reaffirmed by Protocol, 23 December 1936
Bolivia alone amongst the states represented at the Seventh International Conference of
American States did not sign the Convention. The United States of America, Peru, and Brazil
ratified the Convention with reservations directly attached to the document.
CONVENTION ON RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF STATES
The Governments represented in the Seventh International Conference of American States:
Wishing to conclude a Convention on Rights and Duties of States, have appointed the
following Plenipotentiaries:
Honduras:
Miguel PAZ Baraona
Augusto C. COELLO
Luis BOGRAN
United States of America:
Cordell HULL
Alexander W. WEDDELL
J. Reuben CLARK
J. Butler WRIGHT
Spruille BRADEN
Miss Sophonisba P. BRECKINRIDGE
El Salvador:
Hector David CASTRO
Arturo Ramon AVILA
J. Cipriano CASTRO
Dominican Republic:
Tulio M. CESTERO
Haiti:
Justin BARAU
Francis SALGADO
Antoine PIERRE-PAUL
Edmond MANGONES
Argentina:
Carlos SAAVEDRA Lamas
Juan F. CAFFERATA
Ramon S. CASTILLO
Carlos BREBBIA
Isidoro RUIZ Moreno
Luis A. PODESTA Costa
Raul PREBISCH
Daniel ANTOKOLETZ
Venezuela:
Cesar ZUMETA
Luis CHURTON
José Rafael MONTILLA
Uruguay:
Alberto MANE
Juan José AMEZAGA
José G. ANTUNA
Juan Carlos BLANCO
Senora Sofia A. V. DE DEMICHELI
Martin R. ECHEGOYEN
Luis Alberto DE HERRERA
Pedro MANINI Rios
Mateo MARQUES Castro
Rodolfo MEZZERA
Octavio MORATA
Luis MORQUIO
Teofilo PINEYRO Chain
Dardo REGULES
José SERRATO
José Pedro VARELA
Paraguay:
Justo Pastor BENITEZ
Geronimo RIART
Horacio A. FERNANDEZ
Senorita Maria F. GONZALEZ
Mexico:
José Manuel PUIG Casauranc
Alfonso REYES
Basilio VADILLO
Genaro V. VASQUEZ
Romeo ORTEGA
Manuel J. SIERRA
Eduardo SUAREZ
Panama:
J. D. AROSEMENA
Eduardo E. HOLGUIN
Oscar R. MULLER
Magin PONS
Bolivia:
Casto ROJAS
David ALVESTEGUI
Arturo PINTO Escalier
Guatemala:
Alfredo SKINNER Klee
José GONZALEZ Campo
Carlos SALAZAR
Manuel ARROYO
Brazil:
Afranio DE MELLO Franco
Lucillo A. DA CUNHA Bueno
Francisco Luis DA SILVA Campos
Gilberto AMADO
Carlos CHAGAS
Samuel RIBEIRO
Ecuador:
Augusto AGUIRRE Aparicio
Humberto ALBORNOZ
Antonio PARRA
Carlos PUIG Vilassar
Arturo SCARONE
Nicaragua:
Leonardo ARGUELLO
Manuel CORDERO Reyes
Carlos CUADRA Pasos
Colombia:
Alfonso LOPEZ
Raimundo RIVAS
José CAMACEO Carreno
Chile:
Miguel CRUCHAGA Tocornal
Octavio SENORET Silva
Gustavo RIVERA
José Ramon GUTIERREZ
Felix NIETO DEL RIO
Francisco FIGUEROA Sanchez
Benjamin COHEN
Peru:
Alfredo SOLE Y MURO
Felipe BARREDA Laos
Luis Fernan CISNEROS
Cuba:
Angel Alberto GIRAUDY
Herminio PORTELL Vila
Alfredo NOGUEIRA
Who, after having exhibited their Full Powers, which were found to be in good
and due order, have agreed upon the following:
Article 1
The state as a person of international law should possess the following qualifications:
(a) a permanent population; (b) a defined territory; (c) government; and (d) capacity to
enter into relations with the other states.
Article 2
The federal state shall constitute a sole person in the eyes of international law.
Article 3
The political existence of the state is independent of recognition by the other states.
Even before recognition the state has the right to defend its integrity and independence,
to provide for its conservation and prosperity, and consequently to organize itself as it
sees fit, to legislate upon its interests, administer its services, and to define the
jurisdiction and competence of its courts.
The exercise of these rights has no other limitation than the exercise of the rights
of other states according to international law.
Article 4
States are juridically equal, enjoy the same rights, and have equal capacity in their
exercise. The rights of each one do not depend upon the power which it possesses to assure
its exercise, but upon the simple fact of its existence as a person under international law.
Article 5
The fundamental rights of states are not susceptible of being affected in any manner
whatsoever.
Article 6
The recognition of a state merely signifies that the state which recognizes it accepts
the personality of the other with all the rights and duties determined by international law.
Recognition is unconditional and irrevocable.
Article 7
The recognition of a state may be express or tacit. The latter results from any act
which implies the intention of recognizing the new state.
Article 8
No state has the right to intervene in the internal or external affairs of another.
Article 9
The jurisdiction of states within the limits of national territory applies to all
the inhabitants. Nationals and foreigners are under the same protection of the law and
the national authorities and the foreigners may not claim rights other or more extensive
than those of the nationals.
Article 10
The primary interest of states is the conservation of peace. Differences of any nature
which arise between them should be settled by recognized pacific methods.
Article 11
The contracting states definitely establish as the rule of their conduct the precise
obligation not to recognize territorial acquisitions or special advantages which have been
obtained by force whether this consists in the employment of arms, in threatening diplomatic
representations, or in any other effective coercive measure. The territory of a state is
inviolable and may not be the object of military occupation nor of other measures of force
imposed by another state directly or indirectly or for any motive whatever even temporarily.
Article 12
The present Convention shall not affect obligations previously entered into by the
High Contracting Parties by virtue of international agreements.
Article 13
The present Convention shall be ratified by the High Contracting Parties in conformity
with their respective constitutional procedures. The Minister of Foreign Affairs of the
Republic of Uruguay shall transmit authentic certified copies to the governments for the
aforementioned purpose of ratification. The instrument of ratification shall be deposited
in the archives of the Pan American Union in Washington, which shall notify the signatory
governments of said deposit. Such notification shall be considered as an exchange of
ratifications.
Article 14
The present Convention will enter into force between the High Contracting Parties
in the order in which they deposit their respective ratifications.
Article 15
The present Convention shall remain in force indefinitely but may be denounced by
means of one year's notice given to the Pan American Union, which shall transmit it
to the other signatory governments. After the expiration of this period the Convention
shall cease in its effects as regards the party which denounces but shall remain in
effect for the remaining High Contracting Parties.
Article 16
The present Convention shall be open for the adherence and accession of the States
which are not signatories. The corresponding instruments shall be deposited in the
archives of the Pan American Union which shall communicate them to the other High
Contracting Parties.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the following Plenipotentiaries have signed this Convention in
Spanish, English, Portuguese and French and hereunto affix their respective seals in
the city of Montevideo, Republic of Uruguay, this 26th day of December, 1933.
Reservations
The Delegation of the United States of America, in signing the Convention on the
Rights and Duties of States, does so with the express reservation presented to the
Plenary Session of the Conference on December 22, 1933, which reservation reads as follows:
The Delegation of the United States, in voting "yes" on the final vote on this
committee recommendation and proposal, makes the same reservation to the eleven
articles of the project or proposal that the United States Delegation made to the first
ten articles during the final vote in the full Commission, which reservation is in words
as follows:
"The policy and attitude of the United States Government toward every important phase
of international relationships in this hemisphere could scarcely be made more clear and
definite than they have been made by both word and action especially since March 4.
I [Secretary of State Cordell Hull, chairman of U.S. delegation] have no disposition
therefore to indulge in any repetition or rehearsal of these acts and utterances and
shall not do so. Every observing person must by this time thoroughly understand that
under the Roosevelt Administration the United States Government is as much opposed as
any other government to interference with the freedom, the sovereignty, or other internal
affairs or processes of the governments of other nations.
"In addition to numerous acts and utterances in connection with the carrying out of these
doctrines and policies, President Roosevelt, during recent weeks, gave out a public
statement expressing his disposition to open negotiations with the Cuban Government
for the purpose of dealing with the treaty which has existed since 1903. I feel safe in
undertaking to say that under our support of the general principle of non-intervention as
has been suggested, no government need fear any intervention on the part of the United
States under the Roosevelt Administration. I think it unfortunate that during the brief
period of this Conference there is apparently not time within which to prepare interpretations
and definitions of these fundamental terms that are embraced in the report. Such definitions
and interpretations would enable every government to proceed in a uniform way without any
difference of opinion or of interpretations. I hope that at the earliest possible date
such very important work will be done. In the meantime in case of differences of
interpretations and also until they (the proposed doctrines and principles) can be
worked out and codified for the common use of every government, I desire to say that
the United States Government in all of its international associations and relationships
and conduct will follow scrupulously the doctrines and policies which it has pursued
since March 4 which are embodied in the different addresses of President Roosevelt
since that time and in the recent peace address of myself on the 15th day of December
before this Conference and in the law of nations as generally recognized and accepted".
The delegates of Brazil and Peru recorded the following private vote with regard
to article 11:
"That they accept the doctrine in principle but that they do not consider it codifiable
because there are some countries which have not yet signed the Anti-War Pact of Rio
de Janeiro 4 of which this doctrine is a part and therefore it does not yet constitute
positive international law suitable for codification".
Honduras:
Miguel PAZ Baraona
Augusto C. COELLO
Luis BOGRAN
United States of America:
Alexander W. WEDDELL
J. Butler WRIGHT
El Salvador:
Hector David CASTRO
Arturo Ramon AVILA
Dominican Republic:
Tulio M. CESTERO
Haiti:
J. BARAU
F. SALGADO
Edmond MANGONES
A. PIERRE-PAUL
Argentina:
Carlos SAAVEDRA Lamas
Juan F. CAFFERATA
Ramon S. CASTILLO
I. RUIZ Moreno
L. A. PODESTA Costa
D. ANTOKOLETZ
Venezuela:
Luis CHURTON
J. R. MONTILLA
Uruguay:
A. MANE
José Pedro VARELA
Mateo MARQUES Castro
Dardo REGULES
Sofia Alvarez Vignoli DE DEMICHELI
Teofilo PINEYRO Chain
Luis A. DE HERRERA
Martin R. ECHEGOYEN
José G. ANTUNA
J. C. BLANCO
Pedro MANINI Rios
Rodolfo MEZZERA
Octavio MORATA
Luis MORQUIO
José SERRATO
Paraguay:
Justo Pastor BENITEZ
Maria F. GONZALEZ
Mexico:
B. VADILLO
M. J. SIERRA
Eduardo SUAREZ
Panama:
J. D. AROSEMENA
Magin PONS
Eduardo E. HOLGUIN
Guatemala:
M. ARROYO
Brazil:
Lucillo A. DA CUNHA Bueno
Gilberto AMADO
Ecuador:
A. AGUIRRE Aparicio
H. ALBORNOZ
Antonio PARRA V.
C. PUIG V.
Arturo SCARONE
Nicaragua:
Leonardo ARGUELLO
M. CORDERO Reyes
Carlos CUADRA Pasos
Colombia:
Alfonso LOPEZ
Raimundo RIVAS
Chile:
Miguel CRUCHAGA
J. Ramon GUTIERREZ
F. FIGUEROA
F. NIETO DEL RIO
B. COHEN
Peru:
(with reservation set forth)
Alfredo SOLE Y MURO
Cuba:
Alberto GIRAUDY
Herminio PORTELL Vila
Ing. NOGUEIRA
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